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Table of Contents

    • About the Authors
    • Acknowledgments
    • Dedication
    • Preface
    • 1Introduction to Chemistry
      • 1.1Chemistry in the Modern World
      • 1.2The Scientific Method
      • 1.3A Description of Matter
      • 1.4A Brief History of Chemistry
      • 1.5The Atom
      • 1.6Isotopes and Atomic Masses
      • 1.7Introduction to the Periodic Table
      • 1.8Essential Elements for Life
      • 1.9Essential Skills 1
      • 1.10End-of-Chapter Material
    • 2Molecules, Ions, and Chemical Formulas

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      • 2.1Chemical Compounds

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      • 2.2Chemical Formulas

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      • 2.3Naming Ionic Compounds

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      • 2.4Naming Covalent Compounds

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      • 2.5Acids and Bases

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      • 2.6Industrially Important Chemicals

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      • 2.7End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 3Chemical Reactions

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      • 3.1The Mole and Molar Masses

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      • 3.2Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas

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      • 3.3Chemical Equations

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      • 3.4Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations

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      • 3.5Classifying Chemical Reactions

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      • 3.6Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere

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      • 3.7Essential Skills 2

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      • 3.8End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 4Reactions in Aqueous Solution

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      • 4.1Aqueous Solutions

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      • 4.2Solution Concentrations

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      • 4.3Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution

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      • 4.4Ionic Equations

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      • 4.5Precipitation Reactions

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      • 4.6Acid–Base Reactions

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      • 4.7The Chemistry of Acid Rain

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      • 4.8Oxidation–Reduction Reactions in Solution

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      • 4.9Quantitative Analysis Using Titrations

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      • 4.10Essential Skills 3

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      • 4.11End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 5Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

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      • 5.1Energy and Work

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      • 5.2Enthalpy

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      • 5.3Calorimetry

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      • 5.4Thermochemistry and Nutrition

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      • 5.5Energy Sources and the Environment

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      • 5.6Essential Skills 4

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      • 5.7End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 6The Structure of Atoms

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      • 6.1Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

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      • 6.2The Quantization of Energy

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      • 6.3Atomic Spectra and Models of the Atom

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      • 6.4The Relationship between Energy and Mass

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      • 6.5Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies

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      • 6.6Building Up the Periodic Table

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      • 6.7End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 7The Periodic Table and Periodic Trends

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      • 7.1The History of the Periodic Table

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      • 7.2Sizes of Atoms and Ions

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      • 7.3Energetics of Ion Formation

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      • 7.4The Chemical Families

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      • 7.5Trace Elements in Biological Systems

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      • 7.6End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 8Ionic versus Covalent Bonding

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      • 8.1An Overview of Chemical Bonding

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      • 8.2Ionic Bonding

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      • 8.3Lattice Energies in Ionic Solids

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      • 8.4Lewis Electron Dot Symbols

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      • 8.5Lewis Structures and Covalent Bonding

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      • 8.6Exceptions to the Octet Rule

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      • 8.7Lewis Acids and Bases

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      • 8.8Properties of Covalent Bonds

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      • 8.9Polar Covalent Bonds

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      • 8.10End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 9Molecular Geometry and Covalent Bonding Models

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      • 9.1Predicting the Geometry of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions

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      • 9.2Localized Bonding and Hybrid Atomic Orbitals

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      • 9.3Delocalized Bonding and Molecular Orbitals

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      • 9.4Polyatomic Systems with Multiple Bonds

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      • 9.5End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 10Gases

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      • 10.1Gaseous Elements and Compounds

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      • 10.2Gas Pressure

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      • 10.3Relationships among Pressure, Temperature, Volume, and Amount

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      • 10.4The Ideal Gas Law

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      • 10.5Mixtures of Gases

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      • 10.6Gas Volumes and Stoichiometry

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      • 10.7The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

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      • 10.8The Behavior of Real Gases

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      • 10.9Essential Skills 5

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      • 10.10End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 11Liquids

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      • 11.1The Kinetic Molecular Description of Liquids

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      • 11.2Intermolecular Forces

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      • 11.3Unique Properties of Liquids

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      • 11.4Vapor Pressure

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      • 11.5Changes of State

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      • 11.6Critical Temperature and Pressure

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      • 11.7Phase Diagrams

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      • 11.8Liquid Crystals

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      • 11.9Essential Skills 6

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      • 11.10End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 12Solids

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      • 12.1Crystalline and Amorphous Solids

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      • 12.2The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystalline Solids

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      • 12.3Structures of Simple Binary Compounds

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      • 12.4Defects in Crystals

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      • 12.5Correlation between Bonding and the Properties of Solids

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      • 12.6Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors

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      • 12.7Superconductors

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      • 12.8Polymeric Solids

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      • 12.9Contemporary Materials

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      • 12.10End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 13Solutions

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      • 13.1Factors Affecting Solution Formation

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      • 13.2Solubility and Molecular Structure

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      • 13.3Units of Concentration

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      • 13.4Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility

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      • 13.5Colligative Properties of Solutions

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      • 13.6Aggregate Particles in Aqueous Solution

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      • 13.7End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 14Chemical Kinetics

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      • 14.1Factors That Affect Reaction Rates

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      • 14.2Reaction Rates and Rate Laws

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      • 14.3Methods of Determining Reaction Order

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      • 14.4Using Graphs to Determine Rate Laws, Rate Constants, and Reaction Orders

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      • 14.5Half-Lives and Radioactive Decay Kinetics

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      • 14.6Reaction Rates—A Microscopic View

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      • 14.7The Collision Model of Chemical Kinetics

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      • 14.8Catalysis

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      • 14.9End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 15Chemical Equilibrium

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      • 15.1The Concept of Chemical Equilibrium

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      • 15.2The Equilibrium Constant

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      • 15.3Solving Equilibrium Problems

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      • 15.4Nonequilibrium Conditions

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      • 15.5Factors That Affect Equilibrium

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      • 15.6Controlling the Products of Reactions

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      • 15.7Essential Skills

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      • 15.8End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 16Aqueous Acid–Base Equilibriums

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      • 16.1The Autoionization of Water

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      • 16.2A Qualitative Description of Acid–Base Equilibriums

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      • 16.3Molecular Structure and Acid–Base Strength

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      • 16.4Quantitative Aspects of Acid–Base Equilibriums

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      • 16.5Acid–Base Titrations

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      • 16.6Buffers

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      • 16.7End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 17Solubility and Complexation Equilibriums

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      • 17.1Determining the Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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      • 17.2Factors That Affect Solubility

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      • 17.3The Formation of Complex Ions

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      • 17.4Solubility and pH

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      • 17.5Qualitative Analysis Using Selective Precipitation

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      • 17.6End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 18Chemical Thermodynamics

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      • 18.1Thermodynamics and Work

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      • 18.2The First Law of Thermodynamics

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      • 18.3The Second Law of Thermodynamics

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      • 18.4Entropy Changes and the Third Law of Thermodynamics

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      • 18.5Free Energy

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      • 18.6Spontaneity and Equilibrium

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      • 18.7Comparing Thermodynamics and Kinetics

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      • 18.8Thermodynamics and Life

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      • 18.9End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 19Electrochemistry

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      • 19.1Describing Electrochemical Cells

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      • 19.2Standard Potentials

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      • 19.3Comparing Strengths of Oxidants and Reductants

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      • 19.4Electrochemical Cells and Thermodynamics

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      • 19.5Commercial Galvanic Cells

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      • 19.6Corrosion

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      • 19.7Electrolysis

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      • 19.8End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 20Nuclear Chemistry

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      • 20.1The Components of the Nucleus

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      • 20.2Nuclear Reactions

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      • 20.3The Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with Matter

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      • 20.4Thermodynamic Stability of the Atomic Nucleus

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      • 20.5Applied Nuclear Chemistry

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      • 20.6The Origin of the Elements

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      • 20.7End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 21Periodic Trends and the s-Block Elements

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      • 21.1Overview of Periodic Trends

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      • 21.2The Chemistry of Hydrogen

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      • 21.3The Alkali Metals (Group 1)

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      • 21.4The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)

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      • 21.5The s-Block Elements in Biology

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      • 21.6End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 22The p-Block Elements

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      • 22.1The Elements of Group 13

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      • 22.2The Elements of Group 14

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      • 22.3The Elements of Group 15 (The Pnicogens)

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      • 22.4The Elements of Group 16 (The Chalcogens)

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      • 22.5The Elements of Group 17 (The Halogens)

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      • 22.6The Elements of Group 18 (The Noble Gases)

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      • 22.7End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 23The d-Block Elements

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      • 23.1General Trends among the Transition Metals

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      • 23.2A Brief Survey of Transition-Metal Chemistry

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      • 23.3Metallurgy

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      • 23.4Coordination Compounds

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      • 23.5Crystal Field Theory

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      • 23.6Transition Metals in Biology

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      • 23.7End-of-Chapter Material

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    • 24Organic Compounds

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      • 24.1Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds

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      • 24.2Isomers of Organic Compounds

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      • 24.3Reactivity of Organic Molecules

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      • 24.4Common Classes of Organic Reactions

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      • 24.5Common Classes of Organic Compounds

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      • 24.6The Molecules of Life

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      • 24.7End-of-Chapter Material

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    • AStandard Thermodynamic Quantities for Chemical Substances at 25°C

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    • BSolubility-Product Constants (Ksp) for Compounds at 25°C

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    • CDissociation Constants and pKa Values for Acids at 25°C

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    • DDissociation Constants and pKb Values for Bases at 25°C

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    • EStandard Reduction Potentials at 25°C

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    • FProperties of Water

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    • GPhysical Constants and Conversion Factors

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    • HPeriodic Table of Elements

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    • IExperimentally Measured Masses of Selected Isotopes

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    • JArt and Photo Credits

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      • J.1Molecular Models

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      • J.2Photo Credits

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